BYLAWS of Arisia, Incorporated

Revised: July 19, 2020

OPERATING PHILOSOPHY

The primary operating philosophy of Arisia, Inc., which all of its activities should try to promote, is that there is room in fandom for everyone who acts with respect towards others.

ARTICLE I. MEMBERSHIP

1.1 There are two classes of membership in the Corporation:

(a) General members are entitled to all rights and privileges of membership including the right to vote and hold office. Voting rights are granted at the end of the first meeting the member attends after joining.

(b) Honorary members are entitled to all rights and privileges of membership except the right to vote and hold office. Honorary members pay no dues. Honorary membership is conferred by vote of the membership.

1.2 No committee shall be established to review the voting rights or status of any member.

1.3 Suspension and Expulsion:

(a) A member may be expelled or suspended from the membership in the Corporation for activities which run counter to the bylaws and purposes of the Corporation by three-quarters vote of the membership, with a majority of all members voting. The votes in favor of suspension or expulsion must constitute a majority of the total membership as well as a three-quarters majority of those voting. A suspension may be on such terms and for such duration as may be specified in the vote.

(b) The motion must be brought up at a meeting and shall, after discussion, be tabled until a subsequent meeting. The member in question shall have the opportunity to be heard, and further discussion shall be in order before the voting. Voting shall be by secret ballot.

(c) For this purpose, a proxy is invalid if it specifies the vote or position to be taken or otherwise restricts the exercise, by the person holding the proxy, of independent judgment based on the discussions at the meeting.

(d) Any person who is suspended or expelled from membership is entitled to a pro rata refund of dues.

1.4 The amount of dues to be paid by members, the date on which dues are due, and other regulations regarding dues are determined by the Membership. The Executive Board may waive dues in whole or in part for any member in case of financial hardship.

ARTICLE II: CORPORATE MEETINGS

2.1 Regular meetings shall be held by default on the third Sunday of each month, unless the Membership or Executive Board sets a different date or cancels the meeting or the Membership sets a different default date through the next Annual Meeting.

(a) Meetings shall be held at a default time and location unless otherwise specified. The default time and location will be re-examined at the Annual Meeting, any changes will take effect once published with proper notice.

2.2 The regular meeting in the month of September is the Annual Meeting of the Corporation, at which the Officers are elected, the annual reports of the officers and committees are received, and any other business which may come before the meeting may be transacted.

2.3 A special meeting may be called by the Executive Board or by the president. A special meeting shall be called by the clerk or, in the case of the clerk's death, absence, incapacity, or refusal, by any other officer upon written application of three or more General members. If all offices are vacant, any General member may call a special meeting and so notify members.

2.4 All members shall be given notice of the date, time and location of each meeting at least twelve days in advance. Meetings scheduled for the default date, time and location do not require notice. The meeting notice, or separate notice given within the same time limit, shall contain specific notice of any of the following events to take place at the meeting.:

(a) Voting on a proposal under Section 1.3 to suspend or expel a member, identifying the member;

(b) A special election to fill a vacancy in an office identifying the office and all candidates nominated by the time of the preparation of the notice;

(d) Voting on a proposal to change the amount of dues;

(e) Voting on a proposal to change the date on which dues are payable, or to adopt or amend other regulations regarding dues; provided that rules mentioned in this subsection may be temporarily suspended or modified without notice by two-thirds vote;

(f) Voting on a proposal to amend the Articles of Organization or the bylaws, including the text of the proposed amendment;

(g) The holding of the Annual Meeting or a special meeting in lieu of the Annual Meeting, identifying all candidates who have been nominated by the time of the preparation of the notice;

(h) Voting on the corporate budget or on a convention budget, with a copy of the budget;

(i) Voting on recommendations of the Grant Committee, with a copy of the recommendation.

(j) The announcement of the appointment by the Eboard of a Convention Chair including their name, and the subsequent vote of approval by the membership under Section 6.2 (a).

2.5 Any meeting may be rescheduled, changed or moved by the Membership or Executive Board provided proper notice may be met. If, after a meeting notice has been given, circumstances require a change in the location or the hour of the meeting, the meeting is valid if notice of the change is given to each General member in a time and manner reasonably calculated to enable the member to attend the meeting.

2.6 Corporate meeting shall be conducted in accordance with Robert's Rules of Order, except where superseded by the bylaws or by other rules which the Membership may adopt. Any vote shall be by secret ballot on request of any General member.

2.7 A quorum for a meeting is fifty-one percent (51%) of the average of the General members in attendance at the previous three (3) Corporate Meetings, or eight (8) General members, whichever is greater, present and able to participate.

2.8 Proxy voting is available to General members under the following conditions:

(a) No General member can designate as a proxy any person who is not a member. No person can hold more than two proxies at the same time.

(b) Every proxy must be in writing and be presented to the clerk by the member to be represented or, at the meeting, by the member holding the proxy. A proxy is not valid for any question if it presented after the voting on that question has begun.

(c) A proxy is valid only for the one meeting designated therein and for any adjournments of the meeting. Every proxy shall be recorded in the minutes of the meeting for which it is valid.

(d) A proxy can specify a certain vote or position to be taken on a specific subject or subjects or can be a General power of attorney for any or all business that may come before the meeting or can be any combination or permutation thereof. It is not valid for any for which proxy voting is prohibited by law or by these bylaws. It can be revoked by the member giving it at any time during the meeting for which it is effective, but it is not revoked by the member's attendance at the meeting.

(e) A proxy may authorize its holder to delegate the proxy to another person. A proxy giving the power to delegate must name the person (s) to whom the proxy may be delegated, and the proxy may only be delegated to persons so named.

2.9 In the absence of the president, the vice president, the treasurer, and the clerk at any meeting, any member may call the meeting to order, and the Membership shall elect a temporary chairperson, who shall preside until the arrival of the president, the vice president, the treasurer, or the clerk. In the absence of the clerk, or when the clerk is presiding, the person presiding may appoint a temporary secretary to keep the minutes at the meeting.

2.10 Every Regular Meeting shall consider the meeting schedule for the following three calendar months before adjourning.

ARTICLE III: OFFICERS AND ELECTIONS

3.1 At the Annual Meeting the Membership shall elect a president, vice-president, treasurer, clerk and three at-large board members. The officers so elected shall take office at the end of the Annual Meeting and serve until the next Annual Meeting and thereafter until their successors are elected.

3.2 The duties of the officer are as follows:

(a) The president is the chief executive officer of the Corporation, presides at meetings of the Membership and of the Executive Board, and is in general charge of the day-to-day activities and business of the Corporation. The president shall insure that corporate activities are in accordance with the policies of the Corporation.

(b) The vice president shall assume the duties of the president during any vacancy in the office of the president and during the president's absence or inability to act. The vice president shall insure that corporate activities are in accordance with federal, state, and local laws. The vice president chairs the Grant Committee.

(c) The treasurer shall keep the funds in depositories designated by the Executive Board, maintain the financial records of the Corporation, exercise oversight over the convention treasurer's activities, and pay the debts properly authorized in accordance with these bylaws. The treasurer shall make financial records available to the Executive Board and Membership. The treasurer shall insure that corporate activities are in accordance with federal, state, and local tax laws and shall be responsible for all necessary filings with any taxing authorities. The treasurer may not serve as convention treasurer during their term of office. The treasurer shall chair meetings in the absence of both the president and the vice president. The treasurer chairs the Budget Committee.

Oversight of the Convention Treasurer shall only extend to insuring that applicable federal, state, and local laws, these Bylaws, Generally Accepted Accounting Practices, and Corporate Financial Policy are adhered to and shall in no other ways override the authority of the convention chairperson. The Corporate Treasurer shall have the right to demand copies of complete financial records from the Convention Treasurer at any time. The Convention Treasurer shall produce the records within a time interval set by the Executive Board.

(d) The clerk shall keep minutes of the meetings of the Membership and of the Executive Board and maintain the records of the Corporation, other than financial records, but including the membership roster and attendance records. The clerk shall inform the members of corporate activities, including the membership roster and attendance records. The clerk shall inform the members of corporate activities, including publishing and distributing the monthly corporate newsletter and all and all other notices not otherwise assigned. The clerk shall be responsible for all necessary fillings with the office of the State Secretary. The clerk shall affix and authenticate the Seal of the Corporation as directed by the Membership or by the Executive Board. The clerk shall chair meetings in absence of the president, vice president, and the treasurer.

(e) The officers shall perform such additional duties pertaining to their offices as may be assigned by the Executive Board or by the Membership.

3.3 Only one person can hold any office at any given time. No person can hold more than one office at the same time. The person approved as convention chairperson for a specified convention may not run for an office until after that convention.

3.4 Nominations:

(a) Any General member may nominate themself for office by submitting the nomination to the membership prior to the elections.

(b) Any candidate who so nominates themself at least eighteen days prior to the elections shall be entitled to submit a campaign statement, not exceeding 100 words, for inclusion in the edition of the Newsletter prior to the elections.

(c) Additional nominations may be made from the floor during elections. Nomination from the floor of a person not present at the meeting is not valid unless written consent of the nominee is submitted to the presiding officer.

3.5 Voting for every office shall be by secret ballot, except that the Membership may waive a secret ballot for any uncontested office by unanimous consent of all General members. Any candidate may request the counting and validation of the votes to be done by a committee appointed by the chair consisting of a representative of each candidate.

3.6 Voting for members of the Eboard will be by the following method:

0)	Voters will fill out ballots with a numbered preferential ordering of candidates, with the number 1 indicating their first choice. A ballot with only a single name will be considered a valid ordering containing that person as a first vote and no other candidates even if it contains no number. "None of the Above" is always assumed to be a candidate, may be ranked, and cannot be eliminated.
1)	Any Ballot without valid candidates who have not been elected or eliminated will be removed and not count towards the total number of votes.
2)	Ballots will be grouped by the lowest numbered valid candidate who has not been eliminated nor elected.
3)	a) If one candidate has a majority of the ballots remaining they will be elected. All previously eliminated candidates are returned to consideration.
	b) If not, one candidate with the lowest number of ballots will be eliminated. Ties for lowest number of ballots will be broken such that a candidate with the fewest number of first place votes at the start of step 0 will be eliminated. If there is still a tie, it will be broken randomly (such as with a coin toss or die roll).
4)	Restart at step 1 until all positions are filled.

3.7 Whenever any office (including president) becomes vacant, an election shall be held as soon as possible to fill the vacancy. Nominations shall be in accordance with Section 3.4. An officer elected to fill a vacancy shall take office immediately. Pending an election, the Eboard shall temporarily fill a vacant office of vice president, treasurer, or clerk by appointment, preferably from among one of the current members-at-large. When the office of president is vacant and the vice president has assumed the duties of president as per bylaw 3.2(b), the Eboard would temporarily fill the office of vice president in the same way pending the election for president. When an office of member-at-large is vacant, that office remains vacant pending the special election.

3.8 When a Member-at-Large temporarily fills an Eboard vacancy,

(a) the phrase in Section 3.3, "only one person can hold any office at the same time" does not apply to the member-at-large.

(b) The phrase in section 7.1, "no officer other than the treasurer is eligible to serve on the Budget Committee" does not apply to that member-at-large.

(c) The phrase in section 8.1 "no officer other than the vice president is eligible to serve on the Grant Committee" does not apply to that member-at-large.

(d) That member-at-large only has one vote on the Eboard.

3.9 An officer may be removed from office by two-thirds vote of the Membership, with at least 25% of all General members voting. The proposal must be introduced by a petition signed by twenty-five percent (25%) of the General members. The procedure set forth in Section 1.3 shall apply. The officer in question shall not preside during the consideration of the proposal.

3.10 Any officer who does not attend three corporate meetings in a row without submitting an explanation which is accepted by the membership is deemed to have resigned from their position and may be replaced as per the other parts of the bylaws.

3.11 If so desired, an officer may resign with their resignation effective upon the election of a replacement as per section 3.7. In this case, no temporary replacement is appointed.

ARTICLE IV: MANAGEMENT

4.1 The Executive Board consists of the officers; each convention chairperson and their treasurer are ex officio, non-voting member of the Executive Board. All board members, elected and ex officio must be General members of the corporation.

4.2 The Executive Board has general control and management of the property and affairs of the Corporation and has the powers of corporate directors pursuant to Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 180, Section 6A. It may designate persons to sign contracts or other instruments on behalf of the Corporation, determine the location of the principal office of the Corporation in the Commonwealth, and has other powers as may be delegated to it by the Membership.

4.3 Board Meetings:

(a) Meetings of the Executive Board are held at such times and places as it shall determine. Special meetings may be called by the president or by any two Board members.

(b) All Board members are entitled to adequate advance notice of Board meetings. Notice may be given orally or in writing and is valid if given in time to enable the person to attend or if given according to Section 10.2. Notice given in the form of an announcement made at a prior meeting of the Board or of the Membership is valid as to those persons present at that prior meeting.

(c) A Board meeting is valid without prior notice if all Board members are present. Lack of notice is excused as to any Board member who executes a written waiver of notice, which shall be filed with the records of the meeting, and as to any Board member who attends the meeting without protesting lack of notice at or before the start of the meeting.

(d) Except when invoking the provisions of Section 9.5, any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board at a meeting may be taken without a meeting if all the officers consent to the action in writing and the written consents are filed with the minutes of Board meetings. Such written consents shall be treated for all purposes as a vote at a meeting.

(e) A Board member may participate in a Board meeting by means of a conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time, and participation by such means constitutes presence in person at the meeting.

(f) A quorum of the Executive Board is a majority of the filled voting officer positions on the EBoard who have not recused themselves. Executive Board meetings are open to all members unless closed by the Board for a specifically stated purpose. Nothing in this subsection shall require the Board to give notice of its meetings to all members.

(g) Minutes of each Board meeting, including a record of every substantive action taken by the Board, shall be distributed in the next newsletter.

(h) In an emergency situation, when it is not possible, after reasonable attempt, to convene a Board meeting or to reach the other Board members for approval, the president may act on behalf of the Executive Board. Any such action must be reported to the Board as soon as possible thereafter and may be overruled by the Board, to the extent that actions taken are revocable.

4.4 Any decision voted by the Membership is binding on the Executive Board and on each officer. The Membership may overrule any decision already taken by the Board or by any officer, to the extent that actions taken are revocable.

4.5 The Corporation may enter into a contract or other transaction with any member or officer of the Corporation or with any corporation, firm, or association of which such person may be a director, officer, stockholder, member, or otherwise be a party to or have an interest in, pecuniary or otherwise, provided that the nature and extent of such person's interest is disclosed to the Executive Board or the Membership, as the case may be, before it acts on such contract or transaction, and provided that no fraud was present. No member or officer who is a party to such a contract or transaction or who is a director, officer, stockholder, member , or otherwise interested in the corporation or firm which is party to such transaction may participate in the vote to authorize the contract or transaction, except in the case of any contract or transaction between this Corporation and any other corporation or entity controlled by or under common control with this Corporation.

4.6 The corporate seal shall be in such form and shall be affixed in such a manner as is determined from time to time by the Executive Board.l

4.7 Whenever the clerk is not a resident of Massachusetts, the Executive Board shall appoint a resident agent pursuant to Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 156B, Section 48.

4.8 The Executive Board or the Membership may authorize any officer or other person in the name or on the behalf of the Corporation to enter into any contract or execute under Corporate Seal and deliver and deed, note, or other instrument, and such authority may be General or confined to specific instances. Unless so authorized, no officer or other person has the power or authority to bind the Corporation by any such contract or instrument to render it financially liable for any purpose or to any amount.

ARTICLE V: COMMITTEES

5.1 Except where otherwise provided, the president appoints committee members and chairpersons, subject to approval by the Membership. Except where otherwise provided, committee chairpersons may be removed by the Executive Board. Except where otherwise provided, committee members may be removed by the Executive Board on recommendation of the committee chairperson.

5.2 Except where otherwise provided, the terms of office of committees and other appointive positions is until the next Annual Meeting and thereafter until the appointment of a successor.

5.3 Additional committees or other appointive positions may be created and their functions defined by the Membership. No committee or appointive official has authority to make expenditures unless such authority for a specific amount is given by the Membership.

ARTICLE VI: CONVENTION COMMITTEE

6.1 The Arisia Convention is the annual convention sponsored by the Corporation. Each convention is managed by a separate Convention Committee.

6.2 Convention Chairperson:

(a) The chairperson of each Arisia Convention is appointed by the Executive Board with the approval of the Membership. All other members of the Convention Committee, with the exception of the assistant ConChair and the convention treasurer, are appointed by the chairperson. The term of office of each Convention Committee continues until it has wound up the business of its convention, unless sooner terminated by the Membership. The Executive Board shall complete any unfinished business remaining upon such termination.

(b) A motion to remove the convention chairperson must be brought up at a meeting and shall, after discussion, be tabled until a subsequent meeting, such meeting to take place no later than 45 days after the motion is made. Voting shall be by secret ballot with a majority vote being sufficient for the motion to pass. The proxy rules as stated in section 1.3 shall hold for this vote.

(c) If there is a motion pending before the Corporation to remove the Convention Chairperson from office, then the Executive Board may choose to suspend the Convention Chairperson until such motion has been resolved. Suspension shall limit all authority of the Convention Chairperson to act without removing the Convention Chairperson from office. While such a suspension is in effect, the ex-officio Assistant Convention Chairperson (as described in section 6.7 below) will be responsible for making any decisions that must be made. If no one has been appointed to that position, then decisions will be made by the Executive Board.

6.3 Unless otherwise determined by the Membership, the convention chairperson shall be appointed no later than three months prior to the convention before the one which that chairperson is to administer.

6.4 Within the scope of these bylaws, corporate policy and the authorized budget, the chairperson of each Arisia Convention is responsible for administrating the convention and has full authority to make staff and fiscal decisions, which decisions are subject to review by the Executive Board and the Membership.

6.5 Limitation of Convention Chairperson's Decisions

(a) The Membership may overrule any decision of a convention chairperson.

(b) The Executive Board may suspend implementation of a decision of the convention chairperson pending a vote of the Membership. The suspension shall be considered at the next meeting. The suspension is terminated by failure of the Membership either to extend the suspension or to overrule the decision of the convention chairperson.

6.6 Convention Treasurer

(a) Each convention shall have a treasurer appointed by the Executive Board with the advice of the chairperson for that convention.

The convention treasurer shall be directly under the authority of the convention chairperson, except where specified otherwise in these bylaws.

(b) The convention treasurer shall maintain financial records of the convention and shall maintain a depository account and books separate from the main Corporate accounts and separate from those of any other convention and shall report to the Membership, to the Corporate treasurer, and to the Executive Board at regular intervals on the finances of the convention.

6.7 Assistant Convention Chairperson(s)

(a) Each Convention Chairperson shall serve as the ex-officio Assistant Convention Chairperson for the Convention immediately prior to the Convention they are chairing, provided they are appointed and confirmed before the close of said prior Convention. The Convention Chairperson shall assign duties to the ex-officio Assistant Convention Chairperson consistent with preparing them for their subsequent term as a Convention Chairperson.

(b) This section does not limit the authority of the Convention Chairperson to appoint additional Assistant Convention Chairperson(s).

6.8 All senior staff (e.g. the ConChair, Assistant ConChair(s), Treasurer, and Division Heads) must be General members of the Corporation. If the ConChair or Eboard wishes to appoint a member of the senior staff who is not already a General member, that person must immediately join the corporation and has until four (4) months before the convention for which they are appointed to achieve General membership status. The Executive Board may waive General membership requirement for a stated cause, if replacement within four (4) months of the convention becomes necessary.

6.9 This article (VI) applies only to the Arisia Annual Convention and not to any Relaxacons or other smaller conventions approved by the Membership. These smaller conventions are run and managed by a committee as approved by the Membership under the terms of article (V) with the addition that these committees remain in force once approved until the smaller convention is completed and a final report is given or until the Membership votes to end a committee.

ARTICLE VII: BUDGET COMMITTEE

7.1 The Budget Committee is responsible for drafting the annual budget of the Corporation and presenting it for approval to the Executive Board and the Membership. No officer other than the treasurer is eligible to serve on the Budget Committee.

7.2 Special Budget Items

(a) A special budget item is an event that involves substantial expenditures in a fiscal year other than the one in which the event actually occurs. As such, it is approved outside the corporate budget process but is included as a line item in the corporate budget for the fiscal year in which it occurs.

(b) A Special budget item cannot be amended at the meeting which adopts the corporate budget, since the item has already been approved by the Membership.

7.3 Transfers of Funds, Special Conditions

(a) There is a line in the corporate budget called the contingency fund. The Executive Board may make transfers from the contingency fund in any amount. The Board may make transfers to and from any other line item, including a special budget item, up to the spending limit set forth for the Executive Board in Section 9.2.

(b) Funds allocated for grants may only be transferred to a budget line item in the case of an emergency approved by the two-thirds vote of the Membership, with at least 25% of General members voting

ARTICLE VIII: GRANT COMMITTEE

8.1 The Grant Committee has primary responsibility for reviewing grant requests. This includes researching the history of groups requesting funds; insuring that grants are in accord with all pertinent tax codes and all rules and regulations of the Corporation; and documenting the financial stability of any groups applying for funds. This research shall be reported with the Grant Committee's recommendations. No officer other than the vice president is eligible to serve on the Grant Committee.

8.2 Allocation and Distribution of Grants

(a) The Corporation shall, on at least an annual basis, add funds, when available, for grant distribution during the following fiscal year. Distribution of funds to other groups shall be done until allocated funds are exhausted.

(b) Required grant distribution under subsection (a) takes effect when cash reserves of the Corporation equal 110% of projected Corporate and Convention expenses for the next fiscal year. Grant distribution may be budgeted sooner by decision of the Membership.

(c) Recommendations of the Grant Committee are presented to a meeting of the Executive Board. If the Executive Board approves the recommendations or takes no action within two (2) weeks, the recommendations shall be submitted to the Membership at the next meeting for which timely notice can be given in accordance with Section 2.4.

8.3 Requests for grant funding are prioritized as follows:

(a) Supporting and furthering discussion groups and conferences about the genre of science fiction and fantasy.

(b) Supporting and furthering libraries, archives, and other public forms of storage of materials related to the genre. Such collections of material must be available for public use with regularly scheduled hours.

(d) Publications, in any medium, within the genre.

(e) The order of funding priorities set forth in this Section may be waived by the Membership by two-thirds vote, with at least 50% of all General members voting.

8.4 In making grants, the following issuing shall be considered: fiscal stability, proximity to the Corporation (the nearer, the better), number of other sources contacted (the more, the better), and history of service to the science fiction and fantasy community.

8.5 Any group having a restrictive membership covenant shall not receive distributions. This prohibition may be waived by the Membership by two-thirds vote, with at least 50% of all General members voting. A restrictive membership covenant is any of the following:

(a) Limiting full voting membership rights by virtue of race, religion, national origins, sex, sexual preferences, or political affiliation;

(b) Requiring that a person be a non-voting member of the organization for a period greater than one (1) year before acquiring voting rights;

ARTICLE IX: FINANCIAL POLICY

9.1 The fiscal year of the Corporation runs from July 1 to June 30. The treasurer in office at the end of the fiscal year shall be responsible for closing the books for that fiscal year and shall complete any tax forms pertaining to all or part of their term of office.

9.2 An individual officer may approve an unbudgeted expenditure up to $200.00. The Executive Board may approve an unbudgeted expenditure up to $1000.00. An unbudgeted expenditure greater than that amount requires approval by the Membership.

9.3 A Convention Committee may exceed an item in its budget by ten percent (10%) with the approval of the Executive Board. Any amounts greater than ten percent (10%) must be approved by the Membership.

9.4 There is a line item in each Convention budget for a contingency fund. Funds may be transferred from this contingency fund to another line item in the Convention budget by the Convention chairperson.

9.5 The Executive Board may, in an emergency situation, make or approve the making of any expenditure or obligation exceeding the limit specified in Section 9.2, under the following conditions:

(a) The matter must be of such an urgency that it cannot wait until the next regular meeting of the Membership or until a special meeting can be held.

(b) Before making any decision, the Board shall obtain the opinions of as many General members as can be reached. The actual decision shall then be taken at a meeting of the Board, any action requiring the approval of at least two-thirds of all officers.

(c) The Board shall report the action taken by them to the next meeting of the Membership for approval. If the Membership refuses to approve, the action shall be reversed by the Corporation insofar as possible, but the officers shall not be personally liable for such action, provided that they have, in good faith, followed the procedures set forth in this section.

(d) Whenever the provisions of this section are invoked, whether or not any action is actually taken, the Board shall record the opinions obtained by them from the General members and the circumstances of every unsuccessful attempt to reach a General member, and they shall make such information available to any member on request. They shall also record and report to the Membership a summary of the opinions obtained, as well as the vote of each officer on the proposal, and shall inform the Membership of their rights to request further information pursuant to this subsection.

9.6 It is one of the founding principles of this Corporation to return to the science fiction community as much as it is able. Since accumulating enough capital to purchase real estate runs counter to this purchase, the Corporation shall not purchase real property.

ARTICLE X: DEFINITIONS

10.1 In these bylaws, except where the context clearly requires another meaning,

(a) "Meeting," when not referring to a meeting of the Executive Board or of a committee, means any regular or special business meeting of the Membership, including the Annual Meeting;

(b) "Member," or "members," when not referring to a member of the Executive Board or of a committee, refers to all classes of members; but

(c) "Vote", "decision", or "approval" or similar language referring to an action or decision taken by the "Membership" means a majority of all votes cast at a meeting by those General members present or represented by proxy;

(d) "Two-thirds" or "three-quarters" vote of the membership or any other body means two-thirds or three-quarters of the votes cast at a meeting by those members present or represented by proxy;

(e) "Votes cast" means valid votes cast for or against a proposal or candidate and does not include abstentions.

(f) "Board" means the Executive Board.

(g) "Officer" and "Office" refers to the elected officers named in Section 3.1 and to the positions which they hold.

(h) "Location", as applied to meetings of the corporation or the board, means either a physical place, or any mechanism, such as a video conferencing system, that can provide members and proxy holders a reasonable opportunity to participate in the meeting and to vote on matters submitted to the members, including an opportunity to read or hear to the proceedings of the meeting substantially concurrently with such proceedings, pose questions and make comments.

10.2 Notices:

(a) Written notice or notification to any member is sufficient when mailed to that member's address as listed in the records of the Corporation. Notice is considered given on the date that it was mailed.

(b) Written notice to a member is also sufficient if left with the member in person or left with persons living with the member or sent by telegraph, fax, electronic mail, or any other means calculated to reach the person within a reasonable time. Such notice is considered given on the date that it was left in person or with persons living with the member or on the date that it was sent.

ARTICLE XI: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

11.1 Bylaw Amendments

(a) These bylaws may be amended by two-thirds vote of the Membership, with 25% of all General members voting. A proposal to amend the bylaws must be submitted by at least five (5) General members. When introduced at a meeting, after discussion, it shall be tabled until a subsequent meeting for vote.

(b) A proposed amendment to the bylaws must be submitted in the form of a motion to strike, alter, or add to one or more specified portions of the bylaws.

(c) The Executive Board shall review the form of the proposal and shall report to the Membership prior to the vote. Regardless of the Board's position on the substance of the proposed amendment, it shall report any changes in form which may be necessary or desirable so that the proposal will be consistent with the rest of the bylaws and will accomplish its purpose.

(d) A proposal to amend the bylaws may itself be amended from the floor, provided that the amendment is within the scope of the original proposal of which the members were notified.

11.2 The Corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending, or complete action, suit, or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative, by reason of such person's being or having been an officer, director, or agent of the Corporation against expenses (including attorney's fees), judgment, fines, and amounts paid in settlement, actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit, or proceeding, to the full extent permitted by law, except where such person is finally determined to have been guilty of bad faith or improper conduct of their duty as such officer, director, or agent. The Corporation may pay expenses incurred in defending any such action, suit, or proceeding in advance of its final disposition upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the person(s) involved to repay such amount unless it is ultimately determined that they are entitled to be indemnified. No person is entitled to any indemnity or interim payments unless and until such indemnity is authorized by the Membership.

11.3 All members are entitled to receive a copy of these bylaws.

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